Apparent Weight of Photons

Apparent Weight of Photons

Exponentiation of soft photons in a process involving hard photons.

We present a simple method of removing the singularities associated with soft photon emission to all orders in perturbation theory through exponentiation, while keeping a consistent description of hard photon emission. We apply this method to the process e + e ? ! + ? + n where we include both Z 0 and exchange and retain the muon mass dependence. The photonic radiation is allowed to be radiated...

Microwave Background Constraints on Mixing of Photons with Hidden Photons

Various extensions of the Standard Model predict the existence of hidden photons kinetically mixing with the ordinary photon. This mixing leads to oscillations between photons and hidden photons, analogous to the observed oscillations between different neutrino flavors. In this context, we derive new bounds on the photon-hidden photon mixing parameters using the high precision cosmic microwave ...

Linseed Dietary Fibers Reduce Apparent Digestibility of Energy and Fat and Weight Gain in Growing Rats

Dietary fibers (DF) may affect energy balance, an effect often ascribed to the viscous nature of some water soluble DF, which affect luminal viscosity and thus multiple physiological processes. We have tested the hypothesis that viscous linseed DF reduce apparent nutrient digestibility, and limit weight gain, in a randomized feeding trial where 60 male, growing, Wistar rats, with an initial wei...

Quantum Mechanics of Photons

We present a short review of the concept of photon wave function and the photon wave equation which represents the Schrödinger equation for the photon. Photon wave function puts the photon on the same footing as particles with mass and presents the first quantization formulation for electromagnetic fields. Because the photon has zero rest mass and it always moves with speed of light, the quantu...